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Discrimination
U.S. Supreme Court
CBOCS West Inc. v. Humphries (2008). Hedrick Humphries, an African-American associate manager at a Cracker Barrel restaurant, alleged that he was fired because he complained about his supervisor’s racially discriminatory behavior. The Court will consider whether 42 U.S.C. § 1981 (“Section 1981”), which protects the rights of all Americans to enter into contracts regardless of race, prohibits retaliation for complaining about such discrimination. ADL joined with the nearly 200 organizations that comprise the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights and urged the Court to find that such retaliation, by definition, deprives the victim of the benefits of a contractual relationship. PDF 143 kb
Parents Involved v Seattle and Meredith v Kentucky (U.S. Supreme Court, 2006). The Seattle, Washington and Louisville, Kentucky school districts, in order to ensure integrated and diverse schools, use race as a limited factor in assigning students among their elementary and secondary public schools. ADL's amicus curiae brief urges the U.S. Supreme Court to uphold these voluntary school desegregation plans – programs the League believes are justified "not only by a compelling interest in desegregation, but also by a compelling interest in promoting racial diversity in the educational setting."
PDF 1000 kb
Grutter v. Bolinger (2003): Grutter v. Bollinger concerns the constitutionality of racial preferences in undergraduate and law school admissions system of the University of Michigan. While recognizing the fundamental value of diversity in higher education, ADL stated its opposition to the University of Michigan's admissions programs to achieve that goal.
PDF 152 kb
Lawrence v. Texas (2003): This case raises the twin questions whether Texas' Homosexual Conduct Law violates the Equal Protection Clause or the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. ADL joined with a number of other organizations to argue that the Texas law violates is unconstitutionally because it seeks to illegitimate and irrational to punish and brand as criminals a class of citizens because of their sexual orientation
PDF 164 kb
Alexander v. Sandoval (121 S. Ct. 1511 (2001)): The question at issue in this case was whether or not the Civil Rights Act of 1964 gives private citizens the right to challenge policies that have the effect of discriminating against minorities but not necessarily the intent to do so. As amicus curiae, ADL maintained that Title VII was intended to prevent discrimination without creating the burden of proving discriminatory intent. Unfortunately, the Court held that private citizens have a legal recourse only in instances of intentional discrimination.
PDF 5,076 kb
Boy Scouts of America v. Dale (530 US 640 (2000)): In a 5-4 decision, the Court upheld the Boy Scouts of America's membership policy that discriminated against gay members. ADL, together with a coalition of other organizations, argued that the exclusionary anti-gay membership policy that the Boy Scouts defended fell outside the scope of any associational or expressive freedom protected by the First Amendment.
PDF 235 kb
Romer v. Evans (517 U.S. 620 (1996)): The Court, in a 6-3 decision, struck down an amendment to the Colorado Constitution that singled out homosexual and bisexual people and denied them the right to seek and receive specific legal protection from discrimination. ADL, together with six other civil rights organizations, successfully argued that this amendment violated the Equal Protection Clause of the U.S. Constitution.
PDF 165 kb
Miller v. Johnson (515 U.S. 900 (1995)): This case concerned Georgia's redistricting plan and the creation of the Eleventh Congressional District. ADL successfully argued that when race is the substantial or motivating factor in redistricting, strict scrutiny is compelled under the Equal Protection Clause. The Court ultimately ruled that the Georgia legislature's racial gerrymandering of the congressional redistricting process was a violation of the Equal Protection Clause.
PDF 145 kb
Shaare Tefila Congregation v. Cobb (481 U.S. 615 (1987)): The question at issue in this case was whether or not the Civil Rights Act of 1964 can be invoked by white, as well as non-white, victims of racially-motivated discrimination. In its brief, ADL successfully maintained that members of all minority and ethnic groups, including religious minorities, should be guaranteed protection under the Act.
PDF 1,400 kb
United Steel Workers of America v. Weber (443 U.S. 193 (1979)): This case questioned the constitutionality of race-based quotas implemented by a company to determine eligibility for its training program. As amicus curiae, ADL argued that such quotas discriminated against applicants solely on the basis of their race. The Court, however, held that a private employer is free to voluntarily adopt a race-based quota system for its training program.
PDF 1,941 kb
The Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (438 U.S. 265 (1978)): This case questioned the constitutionality of a medical school's decision to create a quota of seats in each class for non-white students. As amicus curiae, ADL maintained that such a quota policy discriminates against applicants and, as a result, violates the Fourteenth Amendment. The Court agreed that race-based quotas were unconstitutional, but held that race can be considered as a criterion in the admissions process.
PDF 1,888 kb
Runyon v. McCrary (427 U.S. 160 (1976)): The question at issue in this case was whether or not the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits private schools that receive no government funding from discriminating against applicants on the basis of race. In its brief, ADL successfully maintained that private schools operate on the basis of contractual relationships between the school and its students and, as such, are proscribed from engaging in discriminatory practices by the Act.
PDF 1,484 kb
DeFunis v. Odegaard (416 U.S. 312 (1974)): The question at issue in this case was whether or not a law school could constitutionally establish different standards for white and non-white applicants. In its brief, ADL argued that such standards discriminate against applicants solely on the basis of their race and, as a result, violated the Fourteenth Amendment. The Court never reached a decision on the merits of this controversy because the case was dismissed as moot (the student who filed the original complaint had subsequently been admitted to the law school).
PDF 1,553 kb
Moose Lodge No. 107 v. Irvis (407 U.S. 163 (1972)): This case questioned the constitutionality of discriminatory policies, specifically the restriction of membership by private clubs to those of a particular race and/or religion. As amicus curiae, ADL maintained that these clubs receive state aid in the form of liquor licenses and other such benefits and, as a result, cannot engage in discriminatory activities. Unfortunately, the Court disagreed with this argument and held that private clubs are free to implement discriminatory policies as long as they do not receive any government funding.
PDF 1,612 kb
U.S. Courts of Appeals
David Parker v. William Hurley (1st Circuit)
This case centers on the question of whether an elementary curriculum concerning different types of people and families, including families with parents of the same gender, violates a parent’s constitutional right to privacy, to raise their children, and the free exercise of religion. ADL’s amicus brief argues that teaching about diversity is reasonably related to the school’s goal of preparing students to be productive members of today’s multi-cultural society and that teachings which contradict a parent’s religious beliefs do not necessarily violate the parents’ First Amendment rights.
PDF 63 kb
Truth v. Kent (9th Cir. 2005). This case questions the constitutionality of a public high school enforcing its anti-discrimination policy to deny a student Bible club's application for Associated Student Body Club status based on a club membership policy which excludes non-Christians. ASB status entitles student clubs to school funding, recognition in the yearbook and advertising over the school PA system. ADL's brief defended the school's actions on legal and policy grounds. Referring to U.S. Supreme Court decisions barring state funds to schools that engage in "invidious discrimination," it argues that granting the club's application would be contrary to the U.S. Constitution's Equal Protection Clause. Furthermore, school sanctioning of the discriminatory membership policy would create an unlawful religious test. The brief also addresses the serious problem of peer discrimination among students within our nation's schools, and highlights the critical importance of anti-discrimination policies in fostering inclusive school environments which result in student well-being and academic achievement.PDF 186 kb
State Courts
NY State Division of Human Rights v. East Meadow Union Free School District (New York Appellate, Second Department 2008). A determination was made by the New York Human Rights Division that East Meadow Union Free School District violated New York State Human Rights Law ("Law") when it refused to accommodate a student with a disability. The school district argued that, as a public school district, it does not fall under the jurisdiction of the Division or the Law. ADL joined a coalition of national and local civil rights organizations in an amicus brief arguing that the Law covers all educational settings, and makes no distinction between public and private schools. PDF 3 Mb
Pepose Vision v Fleshner, (Mo. Ct of Appeals 2008). This case centers on shocking allegations by two jurors that fellow jury members used viciously anti-Semitic slurs, including “penny pinching Jew,” “Jewish bitch” and “cheap Jew,” to describe two key Jewish defense witnesses. The jury then returned a verdict against the defendant. Saying anti-Semitism “is vile, shocks the conscience, and has no place in our system of justice,” ADL’s brief argued that while American law has always protected the sanctity of jury deliberations, basic notions of justice, fairness and due process of law require that a verdict resulting from the bias or prejudice of the jury cannot be permitted stand. PDF 86 Kb
Nebraska v Henderson (Nebraska Supreme Court 2008). Robert Henderson, a Nebraska state police officer, was fired after it was discovered that he had joined the White Knights (a Ku Klux Klan group) and had posted messages to their website, including messages that solicited other members of the Klan to contact him. An arbitrator ordered Henderson reinstated and a Lancaster County, Nebraska District Court judge reversed the arbitrator; Henderson appealed that decision to the State Supreme Court. ADL, which has a long history of working closely with law enforcement in the fight against extremism, filed a brief arguing there are two well established public policies that serve as grounds for vacating the Arbitrator’s award of reinstatement: 1) instilling public confidence in the law enforcement institution, which would be severely undermined by the presence of a Klan member on the force; and 2) opposing discrimination based on race, sex, creed or national origin, especially by the State’s own employees. PDF 957 Kb
Shoreline v Gassman (Cook County, Illinois Circuit Court 2008). Debra Gassman’s determination to fight for her right to display her mezuzah on the doorpost of her condominium led directly to a change in the law prohibiting condominium associations from interfering with the religious practices of residents. Unfortunately, her actions appear to have prompted the condominium association to file what ADL believes was a retaliatory lawsuit. The Anti-Defamation League filed a friend of the court brief in Cook County, Illinois Circuit Court, urging the court to protect her from the lawsuit. Specifically, ADL’s amicus brief argued that Ms. Gassman’s actions were protected by the Illinois Citizen Participation Act (a so-called “anti-SLAPP” statute). This new statute, which ADL also supported, is intended to ensure that individuals will not be intimidated by the threat of retaliatory litigation from bringing legitimate challenges to discriminatory practices. PDF 60Kb
Cutler v. Dorn (New Jersey 2007) . This case involves a Jewish police officer from Haddonfield, NJ, who claimed that other police officers' anti-Semitic remarks and actions created a hostile work environment. ADL's letter amicus brief in support of the police officer urged the New Jersey Supreme Court to reverse that part of the intermediate appellate court’s decision which dismissed several anti-Semitic comments made by the officer's supervisor and co-workers as “mere teasing.” The brief argued that the use of the term "teasing’ with regard to derogatory comments like 'dirty Jew' and 'Jews make all the money' failed to capture the true harm these remarks were meant to convey. The New Jersey Supreme Court agreed with the League's position and held the use of the term teasing “undervalues the invidiousness of these stereotypic references and demeaning comments.”. The Court further affirmed that the threshold for demonstrating a religion-based discriminatory hostile work environment cannot be any more stringent than that which applies to sexually or racially hostile workplace environment claims.
PDF 833 Kb
In re Marriage Cases (2007). This case concerns equal access to marriage for same-sex couples in California. ADL argues, among other things, that the denial of the right to marry for same-sex couples is a denial of the right to privacy under California law. Unlike married heterosexual couples, same-sex couples find themselves repeatedly required to disclose their domestic partnership relationship in order to exercise comparable rights. This violation of privacy can lead to violence, discrimination and indignity.
PDF 1, 378 Kb
Hernandez v. Robles (New York 2006). This case concerns equal access to civil marriage for same-sex couples in New York. ADL joined a number of other civil rights and public interest organizations to argue, among other things, that the denial of the right to marry for same-sex couples is a denial of due process and the equal protection of the state’s laws.
PDF 1, 138 Kb
Catholic Charities v. Serio (NY Court of Appeals 2006) This case deals with New York’s Women's Health & Wellness Act which requires employers that provide group insurance coverage for prescriptions to include prescription contraceptives in that coverage. The statute includes a limited exception for religious employers. ADL joined a number of other organizations to argue, among other things, that the WHWA is necessary to end gender discrimination and
to preserve reproductive rights in New York State.
PDF 206 Kb
Benitez v. North Coast Women's Care Medical Group, Inc. (California 2005) This discrimination case concerns a woman who was denied a standard infertility treatment by her physicians based on her sexual orientation and their religious beliefs. ADL joined a number of other organizations to argue, among other things, that the physicians' federal and state constitutional rights of religious freedom do not allow them to ignore a California state civil rights law that forbids discrimination on various bases, including sexual orientation, by "business establishments." PDF 2.2 mb
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