911 Truth , a New York City-based conspiracy group, claims that the Bush administration staged the September 11 terror attacks. The group does not seem to have many members, but unaffiliated protesters often uncritically accept the group’s professionally made posters and signature “deception dollars”—fake bills covered in conspiratorial images and web sites. Its influence was most clearly seen at the March 2004 antiwar demonstrations in New York, where numerous “Stop the 9-11 Cover-Up” signs were displayed.

Al-Awda - Right of Return Coalition , an international grassroots organization, argues that Palestinian refugees have the right to return “to their original homes and villages” which existed prior to the founding of Israel, and that they should be paid restitution for their losses. Al-Awda supports the intifada and the establishment of a Palestinian state over all the territory west of the Jordan River, including Israel. Al-Awda has organized large protests with the International Action Center and its anti-war affiliate, ANSWER. It has also been active in several anti-Israel boycott campaigns. Al-Awda considers its advocacy on behalf of Palestinians as being at the center of a global struggle against Zionism and American foreign policy. Mazin Qumsiyeh, a Yale University professor and an Al-Awda founder and leader, has called for supporting the “Iraqi resistance” against the pro-Israel “cabal” in Washington: “Only by awakening the US public and linking it to resistance movements from within the world community (including the Iraqi resistance), will this pathway to destruction be avoided.”

The American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC) was founded in 1980 and is the largest Arab civil rights groups in the United States. ADC describes itself as a “"civil rights organization committed to defending the rights of people of Arab descent and promoting their rich cultural heritage.”" It also lobbies the U.S. government for “"a balanced U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East.”" Since the start of the second intifada in late 2000, ADC’s national leadership in Washington has been only marginally involved in anti-Israel protests and its former president, Ziad Asali, has made moderate statements in support of a peaceful resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict based on a two-state solution. On the other hand, eElements from some of ADC’s grassroots leadershipregional chapters, however, have formed a radical wing within the organization, promoting a hardlinehard-line stance that includes rejecting Israel’s right to exist. These chapters ADC’s regional chapters have organized many anti-Israel rallies and have supported anti-Israel campus activities; in California its local leaders established the radical Free Palestine Alliance and have held leadership roles in ANSWER and Al--Awda, both of which support terrorism and reject Israel’s right to exist as a Jewish state.

The American Muslim Council seeks to empower American Muslims politically and advocates on issues of concern to the Muslim community. It describes itself as active in civil rights issues like anti-Muslim hate crime and the safeguarding of civil liberties. AMC is strongly anti-Israel, and its leaders have expressed support of anti-Israel terrorist organizations Hamas and Hizballah.

The ANSWER (Act Now to Stop War and End Racism) Coalition, created by the New York-based International Action Center to protest the bombing of Afghanistan, has organized many anti-war protests around the country since September 2001. The largest and most disturbing was on April 20, 2002, in Washington DC. Called the “National March for Palestine Against War and Racism,” the massive rally was attended by approximately 200,000 people, including thousands of pro-Palestinian demonstrators. The rally served as a forum for supporting violence and terror organizations, and for a proliferation of anti-Semitic expression. The ANSWER coalition moved up the date of its rally to April 20 to coincide with anti-globalization demonstrations, which were organized to protest the IMF and World Bank. ANSWER has become one of the most effective organizers for anti-war rallies, attracting thousands of demonstrators to subsequent rallies. ANSWER has played a key role in bringing Arab and Muslim groups into the anti-war and anti-racism movements, which has led to extreme invective against Israel during protests and expressions of support for Palestinian terrorists. Among the groups that have endorsed ANSWER events and participated in rallies are Al-Awda and the Islamic Association for Palestine.

The Anti-globalization movement is made up of loosely organized protest groups that oppose the economic and political structure of international capitalism through confrontational and frequently violent direct actions. Many anti-globalists are active on college campuses; some are radical animal rights supporters, anarchists and socialists.

The Anti-Racist Action Network is a large, occasionally violent and loosely organized protest group with chapters in a number of cities in the United States and Canada. Founded by non-racist skinheads and punks in the late 1980s in reaction to the growing threat of hate groups, ARA chapters are usually far to the left: many members are anarchists, for instance. According to the Web site of the de facto headquarters chapter in Columbus, Ohio, ARA members "organize a resistance to any fascist groups like the KKK or any component of Neo-Liberalism such as the WTO, IMF, FTAA [Free Trade Area of the Americas], etc."

According to its Web site, the Arab American Institute "was organized in 1985 to represent Arab American interests in government and politics. AAI provides leadership training and strategies in electoral politics and policy issues that concern Arab Americans." AAI's founder and president is James Zogby, a leading spokesman in the Arab-American community.

Atlanta Palestine Solidarity is, according to its Web site is "a new organization of human rights activists dedicated to fighting for Palestinian rights and against the Israeli Occupation. We believe that Israel's actions towards the Palestinian people are criminal, unjustifiable, and morally reprehensible."

Free Palestine Alliance (FPA) is a radical San Francisco-based organization that supports the dissolution of the State of Israel and the “unconditional liberation” of Palestinians in the Occupied Territories and in Israel proper. The group is led by Elias Rashmawi and is closely affiliated with ANSWER, the International Action Center and Al--Awda. FPA has supported calls for divestment from companies that do business with Israel, supports the right of return for Palestinians, has expressed support for Hamas and, in one incident, attempted to bar Jewish peace groups like Tikkun from participating in antiwar protests. Other notable leaders include Michael Shehadeh, Eyad Kishawi, and Hanna Hanania.

According to its Web site, Free Palestine Now! "is an organization dedicated to helping the brave Palestinian people in there quest for freedom and justice." FPN was founded by two Virginia Commonwealth University students in Richmond, Virginia. FPN members "have twice participated in public banner drops in the Washington DC area to protest Sharon's visits."

Friends of Sabeel—North America (Sabeel NA) is an affiliate of the Israel-based Sabeel Ecumenical Liberation Theology Center, a Protestant Christian group led by Palestinian Anglican priest Canon Naim Ateek. Sabeel NA claims to promote a “non-violent vision for addressing the conflict between Palestinians and the state of Israel,” which would feature a two-state solution. However, Sabeel staunchly opposes Zionism on theological grounds and has been influential in generating hostility towards Israel within Protestant churches in the U.S. and the UK. Sabeel is a leading voice within mainline Protestant churches in favor of economic sanctions against Israel, and has supported the Palestine Solidarity Movement’s campus divestment campaign.

The International Solidarity Movement is a well-organized movement that spreads anti-Israel propaganda and voices support for other groups who engage in armed resistance against Israel. Volunteers engage in a variety of tactics such as obstructing the activities of the Israeli Army in Palestinian areas.

The Islamic Association for Palestine was founded in 1981. Based in Illinois, with offices in several cities around the country, IAP regularly publishes Hamas communiqués and in the past has printed and distributed the Hamas charter under its own masthead. IAP has also been closely associated with the Holy Land Foundation, a charity organization that the U.S. government declared part of "the financial apparatus of Hamas." Many of IAP's writings are anti-Semitic and support terror. It has stated that "our Muslim people are eager to take revenge… from the Jews," whom it calls "children of apes and pigs." It rejects attempts to negotiate a peaceful solution to the Palestinian-Israeli conflict as a conspiracy against Muslims. IAP calls the Jews "God's lying people" who enjoy an "absolute Jewish grip on the media and the show business" [sic].

Based in New York City, Jews Against the Occupation (JATO) stridently argues that Israel is unilaterally responsible for the violence in the Middle East conflict. JATO advocates the divestment movement and unilateral withdrawal from the West Bank and Gaza. JATO supports more radical pro-Palestinian groups, including Al-Awda, ANSWER, and the Palestinian Solidarity Movement, which all back Palestinian terrorism against Israeli civilians.

The Justice in Palestine Coalition is an umbrella organization directed by the San Francisco Bay Area chapter of the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee. The Coalition includes Arab and Muslim organizations, anti-globalization and anti-war groups, socialists and student activists who are active in the anti-Israel divestment campaign. Among the groups are the Muslim Public Affairs Council; Al-Awda; the International Action Center and its affiliated organization, ANSWER; the International Socialist Organization; and Students for Justice in Palestine. The ADC's San Francisco chapter helped the student group develop its divestment campaign at a time when ADC's national leadership refrained from involving itself.

Founded in 1988, the California-based Muslim Public Affairs Council defines itself as "a non-profit social welfare organization" that aims to increase the awareness and involvement of Muslims in the political process, foster relationships with other religious and ethnic groups, build relations with elected officials and monitor the media's depiction of Muslims. An affiliated publication, The Minaret, publishes sometimes conspiratorially anti-Israel and anti-American material.

The Muslim Students Association, a constituent organization of the Islamic Society of North America, has organized several of the most extreme anti-Israel events on campuses in recent years. [Link http://www.adl.org/Israel/campus_antiisrael/default.asp] Established in 1963, the group has a strong presence at many universities in the U.S. and Canada.

Neturei Karta, a fringe ultra-orthodox Jewish sect, is founded on the idea that Zionism is literally demonic and responsible for many of the world’s evils. Spokesmen routinely call for the “dismantling” of the State of Israel and the empowerment of the Palestinians – who would then decide whether to allow any Jews to remain in their new state. Neturei Karta adherents believe that a promised messianic age cannot begin until Zionism is eliminated from the Middle East.

The New Black Panther Party for Self Defense is the largest organized anti-Semitic black militant group in America. It is led by Malik Zulu Shabazz, who has a long record of anti-Semitic agitation. Under Shabazz, the New Black Panthers organize demonstrations across the country in which inflammatory bigotry is interspersed among calls for black empowerment and civil rights.

New Jersey Solidarity, led by Charlotte Kates and consisting of students from Rutgers University in New Brunswick, has organized numerous anti-Israel events in New Jersey. In October 2003, New Jersey Solidarity hosted a divestment conference near the Rutgers campus which called for the dismantling of Israel and its replacement by a Palestinian state. In March-April 2004, New Jersey Solidarity cosponsored, with ANSWER and Al-Awda, rallies in support of Hamas, following the killing of two of its leaders.

The Palestine Solidarity Movement (PSM) is an umbrella organization that brings together primarily university-affiliated anti-Israel groups. Its primary focus is the divestment campaign against Israel, which it joined in 2002. The group refuses to condemn violent acts against Israeli civilians, stating, “…as a solidarity movement, it is not our place to dictate the strategies or tactics adopted by the Palestinian people in their struggle for liberation.” In its short existence, the PSM has convened major student conferences at Berkeley, the University of Michigan, Duke University, Rutgers University and Ohio State University – the last two held concurrently due to factional infighting.

The Queers Undermining Israeli Terrorism (QUIT!) supports divestment, the right of return for all Palestinians, immediate Israeli withdrawal from Palestinian territories and describes Zionism as racism. QUIT! has picketed Starbucks cafes for having stores in Israel, and Estée Lauder because the company’s founder serves as president of the Jewish National Fund. Another gay-rights group that has focused on criticizing Israel is Queers Against the Occupation.

SNAFU (Support Network for an Armed Forces Union) is an ANSWER creation that recruits disillusioned military personnel to protest U.S. actions during its rallies.

Students for Justice in Palestine (SJP) initiated the anti-Israel divestment campaign in February 2001 at the University of California at Berkeley in conjunction with a local chapter of the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee. SJP wanted the university to withdraw its investments from companies doing business with Israel, claiming that “the people who run our universities are not just tacitly supporting but are actually benefiting from the exploitation of Palestinians.” SJP sought to emulate, in tactic and spirit, the 1980s divestment campaigns against apartheid South Africa. The campaign has since spread to universities around the country, where it is led either by new SJP branches or by extant local pro-Palestinian groups. With the proliferation of other divestment groups, SJP’s role in the movement has diminished.

SUSTAIN (Stop US Tax-funded Aid to Israel Now) was formed near the end of 2000. It describes itself as "a non-hierarchical, grassroots organization committed to supporting and sustaining the Palestinian movement for justice, human rights and self-determination…. We are committed to building a campaign against US military and economic aid to Israel so that US tax-dollars do not support the abuse of human rights." One of the key founders of the group is Mark Lance, a Professor of Philosophy at Georgetown University.

The U.S. Campaign to End the Israeli Occupation is a large-scale effort of many anti-Israel groups to promote divestment from Israeli companies and to lobby the U.S. Congress to end U.S. support for Israel as long as it occupies the West Bank and Gaza Strip. It was formed during the spring and summer of 2001, when groups of activists met in New York and Washington, D.C., to address the American role in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The group was co-founded by Josh Ruebner, a pro-Palestinian activist who has accused Israel of committing “ethnic cleansing” of Palestinians. The U.S. Campaign’s major allies include Friends of Sabeel-North America, United for Peace and Justice, Global Exchange, and the divestment group, SUSTAIN.

Individuals

Al-Arian Dr. Sami, a frequent guest at anti-Israel campus events, is a Professor of Computer Science at the University of South Florida. He is currently suspended from teaching while the university investigates the legal consequences of firing him. Al-Arian was the president of a now-defunct charity, the Islamic Committee for Palestine, and of a think tank called the World and Islam Studies Enterprise. Investigations into alleged ties between these groups and Palestinian terror organizations did not result in criminal charges. However, video footage of conferences sponsored by ICP shows Al-Arian telling an audience, "Jihad is our path. Victory to Islam. Death to Israel. Revolution! Revolution! Until Victory! Rolling, rolling to Jerusalem." In another conference, in 1991, Imam Fawaz Damra, spiritual leader of the Islamic Center of Cleveland, said that "terrorism and terrorism alone is the way to liberation." Sharing the podium with Al-Arian, Damra also called for "directing all the rifles at the first and last enemy of the Islamic nation and that is the sons of monkeys and pigs, the Jews."

Huwaida Arraf, a Michigan-born Palestinian-American, is a co-founder of the International Solidarity Movement. She majored in Arabic and Judaic studies and political science at the University of Michigan, and founded an Arab-Jewish group there, according to The New York Times. She also spent time at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem and studied Hebrew on a kibbutz. "I wanted to be involved in diplomacy between Israel and the Palestinians," she was quoted as saying in the Times. "I really wanted to understand the Jewish mentality and history, Israeli culture and society, and the language, so I would have the legitimacy on both sides that is needed to be a negotiator."

William Baker is a popular speaker among American Muslim student groups. Baker, head of Christians and Muslims for Peace, has a long history of anti-Semitic and anti-Israel activity. In the 1980s, he was a prominent associate of anti-Semitic publisher and Holocaust denier Willis Carto, chairing Carto’s extreme-right Populist Party. He also wrote Theft of a Nation, an anti-Israel and anti-Jewish book

Rann Bar-On , an Israeli-born Jew and a graduate student at Duke University, is a member of Hiwar (Arabic for “dialogue”), the local student group that co-sponsored the fourth Palestinian Solidarity Movement (PSM) conference at Duke University on October 15-17, 2004. He is also a member of the International Solidarity Movement. During the PSM conference, Bar-On compared the treatment of ‘Palestine’ by Israel to “Algiers under the French or Poland under the Nazis,” concluding that “there is always violence under occupation.” Bar-On also focused on the difficulties faced by anti-Israel activists in the U.S., where “any criticism of Israel is taken as anti-Semitism.”

Ramsey Clark is founder and leader of the International Action Center (IAC)—a front group for the Stalinist Workers World Party—which founded spun off International ANSWER (Act Now to Stop War and End Racism) in September 2001 to protest the bombing of Afghanistan. ANSWER has since become the main antiwar protest organizer in the United States. In 2003 ANSWER coordinated several major rallies opposing the war in Iraq which were marred by anti-Semitism and support for terrorism. Clark’s public legitimacy is based on his short tenure as Attorney General in the Lyndon Johnson administration, but Clark became a leftist activist almost immediately after his exit from government.

Abe Greenhouse is founder of Central Jersey Jews Against the Occupation (JATO), an anti-Israel student group that was part of a coalition of groups that that attempted to bring the third national PSM conference to Rutgers, where Greenhouse was a student. Greenhouse has volunteered worked with the International Solidarity Movement, taking part in its 2003 Freedom Summer campaign, but is best known for throwing a pie at Israeli Minister Natan Sharansky’s face, during a campus visit in . In September 2003.

Charlotte Kates , a student at Rutgers University, heads the radical anti-Israel group New Jersey Solidarity. In October 2003, New Jersey Solidarity hosted a divestment conference off near the Rutgers campus which that calls called for the dismantling of Israel and its replacement by a Palestinian state. In March and April 2004, Kates spoke at rallies in support of Hamas, following the killing of two of its leaders.

Mazin Qumsiyeh, a Yale University associate professor, is a founder and one of the main leaders of the radical anti-Israel group Al-Awda. During the fourth PSM Conference at Duke University in North Carolina on October 15-17, 2004, Qumsiyeh called Zionism “a disease” and claimed that the violence in the Middle East started with “the idea that the land belongs to the Jewish people.” Qumsiyeh also asked audience members, “If apartheid was a problem in South Africa, why do we consider it a solution in Palestine and Israel?” Mazin Qumsiyeh joined Wheels of Justice as a speaker in April 2004; at a stop at the Newtown High School in Connecticut on November 23, 2004, he said, “I would compare this Palestinian/Israeli situation with the Native Americans here in America when the colonials first came.” He explained, “The Native Americans were driven from their natural homes and led to live on small reservations. Huge populations were wiped out….There are approximately four million Jews living in America. Five billion dollars in military support goes to Israel every year. The American government is clearly behind Israel – at the expense of the Palestinians.”

Elias Rashmawi, a longtime activist in the Palestinian and Arab communities, has played a key role in injecting radical anti-Israel sentiments into the antiwar movement in the last two years as a leader of ANSWER and a member of Al-Awda, and works with many radical Palestinian anti-Israel groups. He is national coordinator of the National Council of Arab Americans and a member of the ANSWER Coalition’s steering committee. He is vice-president of the Greater Sacramento chapter of the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee and member of the national steering committee of the Free Palestine Alliance. Rashmawi also helped organize the Second International Cairo Conference where he and International Action Center head Ramsey Clark met with Hamas leader Osama Hamdan.

Fayyad Sbaihat , born on the West Bank, has, since 2003, described himself as a senior majoring in chemical engineering at the University of Wisconsin at Madison. A member of Al-Awda, Sbaihat was the national contact for the fourth PSM Conference at Duke University on October 15-17, 2004. During the conference, Sbaihat blamed the Israel/Palestinian conflict on “a colonialist mentality on the part of Zionists that the natives don’t matter.” According to Sbaihat, “the Palestinians are left on reservations and in ghettos. There was never really the possibility of a two-state solution.” Sbaihat also noted that the PSM is modeling its divestment campaign on the anti-apartheid efforts against South Africa and is trying to unite with similar campaigns around the world.

Adam Shapiro co-founded the International Solidarity Movement with Huwaida Arraf, a Palestinian-American born in Michigan who is now his wife, and Neta Golan, a Jew born in Israel to Canadian parents. Shapiro, who is also Jewish, found himself in a media spotlight when he accompanied an ambulance to Yasir Arafat's headquarters after it was surrounded by the Israeli military in March. During his stay, he reportedly had breakfast with Arafat. Shapiro has spoken throughout the country about the ISM's activities, and has outraged critics by comparing some instances of Israeli behavior toward Palestinians to that of the Nazis. Before joining the ISM full time he worked in Jerusalem for Seeds for Peace, an American nonprofit that promotes dialogue between Israeli and Palestinian youth.

Ora Wise, helped organize the third PSM conference at Ohio State University. In addition to being associated with the New York-based Jews Against the Occupation, she is a member of the International Solidarity Movement and other anti-Israel groups.