Anti-Semitism, one of the most common types of societal phobias in Russia, tends to be cyclical in nature.

ADL expects Russian leaders to send an unmistakable message to law-enforcement agencies ... that all hate-based crimes should be investigated and prosecuted.

There is a correlation between the state of economic and social affairs and the level of anti-Semitism in a society with not yet fully developed democratic institutions such as in Russia.

ADL has urged political, religious, educational and cultural leaders to take steps to prevent the future spread of political and other forms of anti-Semitism. The situation that appeared to be relatively stable in 2000 can worsen if Russia's economic and social conditions worsen.

Russian leaders still have to reinforce their previous calls against anti-Semitism, xenophobia and extremism by practical steps to combat aggressive nationalism.

By coming out more vigorously against aggressive nationalism and anti-Semitism, Russian leadership may set the right tone and create a public awareness of the need to promote tolerance and protect minority groups in Russia.

ADL expects Russian leaders to send an unmistakable message to law-enforcement agencies, including the Prosecutor's Office, the FSB and the Ministry of Internal Affairs, that all hate-based crimes should be investigated and prosecuted under the currently existing law against the incitement of ethnic, religious and racial hatred.

Local and federal authorities should be doing more to provide security assistance to Jewish facilities that are subject to vandalism more often than other minorities' institutions.