|
| 1932 |
|
| Late 1932- January 1933 |
Adolf Hitler campaigned for Chancellor of Germany; his platform
included vicious anti-Jewish propaganda
|
| 1933 |
|
| January 30 -February 1 |
Hitler becomes Chancellor |
| March 22, 1933 |
First concentration camp, Dachau is established outside of Munich |
| April 1, 1933 |
Nazis proclaimed a general boycott of all Jewish-owned businesses including Jewish lawyers and doctors |
| April 7, 1933 |
Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service. Jews banned from civil service and from practice of law |
| April 25, 1933 |
The Law for Preventing Overcrowding in German Schools and Schools of Higher Education takes effect; the law restricts enrollment of Jews |
| April 26, 1933 |
Gestapo Secret State Police of Nazi Germany established |
| May 10, 1933 |
Public book deemed of "un-German spirit," most of them written by Jews and opponents of Nazism burned |
| 1934 |
|
| June 30, 1934 |
"Night of the Long Knives" - Hundreds of actual and presumed opponents of Hitler are executed. No public outcry |
| August 2, 1934 |
German President Hindenburg dies. Hitler declares himself Fuhrer of the German State and Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces |
| October, 1934 |
First arrests of German homosexuals begin |
| 1935 |
|
| April 30, 1935 |
Jews may no longer display the German flag |
| May 31, 1935 |
Jews are banned from the German armed forces |
| Summer, 1935 |
Juden Verboten (No Jews) signs in restaurants, stores and elsewhere increased |
| September 15, 1935 |
Nuremberg Laws passed - Reich Citizenship Law and Law for Protection of German Blood and Honor - prohibiting the marriage between Jews and subjects of German or kindred blood; citizenship denied to Jews
|
| November 14, 1935 |
The precise terminology of Nuremberg Laws defined "degrees of Jewishness" based on one's number of Jewish grandparents. |
| 1936 |
|
| March 15, 1936 |
Mass anti-Nazi rally in New York |
| July 12, 1936 |
First arrests of German Roma (Gypsies), as "a-socials" take place and sent to Dachau |
| August 1-16, 1936 |
Olympic Games held in Berlin. Anti-Jewish signs are removed |
| October 25, 1936 |
Rome-Berlin Axis is signed by Mussolini and Hitler |
| November 25, 1936 |
Germany and Japan sign military pact |
| 1937 |
|
| July 15, 1937 |
Buchenwald Concentration Camp established in Weimar |
| September 13, 1937 |
Jews can be released from "protective detention" by emigrating |
| October 21, 1937 |
Himmler: returning Jewish emigrants will be sent to concentration camps |
| 1938 |
|
| March 13, 1938 |
Austria annexed to the Third Reich; the 20,000 Jews in Austria are immediately subject to all anti-Semitic laws in effect in Germany
|
| April 26, 1938 |
Organization of Jewish wealth implemented which provides for the registration and seizure of Jewish assets
|
| August 8, 1938 |
The first Austrian concentration camp is established at Mauthausen |
| July 6-14, 1938 |
Evian Conference - This conference was called by FDR to deal with the Jewish Refugee Problem. No real help for Jews |
| September 27, 1938 |
Jewish lawyers debarred from practicing law in Germany |
| September 29, 1938 |
Munich Agreement: England and France accept German annexation of parts of Czechoslovakia - Sudentenland |
| October 5, 1938 |
Passports of Jews marked with the letter "J" |
| October 28, 1938 |
17,000 Polish-born Jews expelled from German to Poland; most interned in Zbaszyn |
| November 9, 1938 |
Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass) occurs across Germany and Austria. 91 Jews are killed; others beaten. Over 200 synagogues destroyed, shops looted and 30,000 Jews arrested and sent to concentration camps
|
| November 10, 1938 |
Italy adopts anti-Semitic racial laws |
| November 15, 1938 |
All remaining Jewish children are expelled from German schools |
| 1939 |
|
| January 1, 1939 |
All Jews decreed to assume an additional middle name, Israel for males and Sarah for females, for easy identification
|
| January 30, 1939 |
Hitler gives speech in the Reichstag stating that if war breaks out the result will be the extermination of Europe's Jews
|
| August 23, 1939 |
Nazis and Soviets sign Non-Aggression Pact - plan for the Partition of Poland |
| September 1, 1939 |
Germany invades Poland |
| September 3, 1939 |
Britain, France, India, Australia, and New Zealand declare war on Germany |
| September 21, 1939 |
SS Security Service Chief Reinhard Heydrich orders establishment of Ghettos in Poland - all small Jewish towns and villages with populations under 500 deported to large urban ghettos |
| November 23, 1939 |
Hitler authorizes euthanasia ('mercy deaths") to murder by gassing incurably ill "undesirable German citizens"
|
| October 12, 1939 |
Jews deported from Austria and Moravia to Poland |
| November 7, 1939 |
Nazi's begin mass deportations of Jews from Western Poland |
| November 23, 1939 |
Polish Jews are ordered to wear white armbands with a blue star of
David whenever appearing in public |
| December 13, 1939 |
Decree on Aryanization (compulsory seizure of Jewish industries, businesses and shops) is enacted |
| 1940 |
|
| Spring 1940 |
Germans invade and conquer Denmark, Norway, Holland,
Luxembourg, Belgium and France
|
| April 30, 1940 |
Ghetto at Lodz, Poland, is sealed off |
| June 14, 1940 |
Germany occupies Paris |
| June 22, 1940 |
France surrenders to the Germans |
| July 10, 1940 |
Vichy government formed |
| September 27, 1940 |
Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis is established |
| October 3, 1940 |
Vichy France enacts anti-Jewish laws, modeled on German Nuremberg Laws
|
| November 15, 1940 |
Warsaw Ghetto is sealed off from the rest of the city |
| 1941 |
|
| March 13, 1941 |
Construction of Auschwitz II-Birkenau camp begins |
| April 24, 1941 |
Lublin Ghetto sealed |
| June 22, 1941 |
Operation Barbarossa begins, as Nazis invade Russia. Special mobile killing squads - Einsatzgruppen - begin their systemic murder of more than one million Jews by firing squads |
| September 3, 1941 |
First experiments with gassing conducted at Auschwitz |
| September 29-30, 1941 |
34,000 massacred in Kiev at Babi Yar |
| October 23-25, 1941 |
34,000 massacred in Odessa (the Ukraine) |
| November 24, 1941 |
"Model Camp" established in Theresienstadt, Czechoslovakia |
| December 7, 1941 |
Japanese attack Pearl Harbor; U.S. enters war |
| December 8, 1941 |
Chelmno extermination camp in Poland opened - 2,300 Jews are gassed on the first day. |
| Mass murders take place throughout occupied Eastern Europe (Ponary, Vilna, Kovno, Pinsk, Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia, Ukraine, White Russia, Russia, Rumania, etc.) |
| Single day murders: 9/15/41 - 18,000 in Berdichev, Ukraine; 9/16/41 - 24,000 in Uman, Ukraine; 9/22/41 - 28,000 Vinnitsa, Ukraine; 11/5/41 - 17,000 Rovno, Ukraine; 12/8/41 - 25,000 Riga, Latvia; 12/22/41 - 32,000 Vilna, Lithuania |
| 1942 |
|
| January 20, 1942 |
Wannsee Conference in Berlin of top Nazi leaders plan the annihilation of 11,000,000 European Jews
|
| March 13, 1942 |
The Joint Distribution Committee reports that Germans have already killed 240,000 Jews in Ukraine alone |
| June 2, 1942 |
First deportations of German Jews to Theresienstadt |
| July 14-19, 1942 |
First deportations of Dutch Jews (from Westerbork Transit Cap) and French Jews (Drancy) to be murdered in Auschwitz. |
| July 16, 1942 |
Roundup of Parisian Jews |
| July 19, 1942 |
Himmler orders the deportation of all Jews in General Government by end of 1942 to their death. |
| From 1941-1945, six major death camps were established in Poland. The victim totals: Auschwitz Birkenau - 1.1 million; Belzec - 500,000; Chelmno - 300,000; Sobibor - 250,000; and Treblinka - 700,000 |
| July 22, 1942 |
Starting date for 300,000 Jews from the Warsaw Ghetto deported to Treblinka |
| October 28, 1942 |
First deportations from Theresienstadt to Auschwitz |
| December 17, 1942 |
Allies condemn German mass murder |
| 1943 |
|
| January 5-7, 1943 |
Nazis killed 10,000 Jews and deported thousands of others from Lvov Ghetto (Ukraine) |
| January 12, 1943 |
Transporting Jews from all over Europe to Death Camps. A) From
Theresienstadt, Czechoslovakia; B) From Marseilles, Belorussia,
Bialystock, Salonika (Greece), Yugoslavia, Germany, Austria,
Poland…
|
| January 20-26, 1943
|
2,000 Jews deported from Terezin (Bohemia) to Auschwitz; 1,760 of
them gassed immediately upon arrival |
| January 21, 1943 |
First resistance by Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto takes place |
| February 25, 1943 |
Ghetto established in the Greek port of Salonika for all the city's Jews |
| February 26, 1943 |
First transport of Roma (Gypsies) reaches Auschwitz |
| April 19 - May 16, 1943 |
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. Example of heroic Jewish resistance
against overwhelming odds |
| May 16, 1943 |
Warsaw Ghetto liquidated - 56,000 sent to Treblinka to be murdered |
| May 25, 1943 |
Approximately 3,000 Jews rounded up during raids in Amsterdam |
| June 11, 1943 |
Liquidation of all remaining Polish ghettos ordered |
| June 28, 1943 |
Last of five crematoria at Birkenau completed, leaving the killing center with the capacity to cremate 4,750 corpses per day |
| August 2, 1943 |
Jewish inmates of Treblinka death camp revolt |
| August 18, 1943 |
Prisoners of Sonderkommando 1005 forced to exhume tens of thousands of bodies at Babi Yar |
| September 23, 1943 |
Vilna Ghetto liquidated |
| October 1-2, 1943 |
Danish Jews rescued |
| October 14, 1943 |
Revolt in Sobibor - 110 reached freedom; 35 survived the war |
| 1944 |
|
| April 16, 1944 |
Hungarian Government registers Jews and confiscates their property |
| May 15, 1944 |
First of over 450,000 Hungarian Jews are sent to their deaths in Auschwitz
|
| June 6, 1944 |
D-Day |
| July 8, 1944 |
Kovno Ghetto liquidated |
| July 20, 1944 |
Attempt to assassinate Hitler fails |
| July 22, 1944 |
Lvov liberated; 110,000 Jews dead |
| July 23, 1944 |
Red Cross mission visits Theresienstadt |
| July 25, 1944 |
Red Army liberates Majdanek |
| October 6, 1944 |
200 Sonderkommandos revolt in Auschwitz-Birkenau - attack guards - blow up crematoria - none survive
|
| 1945 |
|
| January 18, 1945 |
Auschwitz abandoned; death march of prisoners begins |
| January 27, 1945 |
Soviet Troops liberate 7,000 inmates in Auschwitz. Thousands are forced on Death March to the West. 250,000 to 375,000 prisoners, most of them Jewish, will die during death marches ordered by Nazi Germany in the final days before total defeat and surrender
|
| April 4-30, 1945 |
German concentration camps liberated by allied forces - Buchenwald, Ohrdruft, Mathausen, Bergen-Belsen, Ravensbruck…
|
| April 30, 1945 |
Hitler commits suicide in his underground bunker in Berlin |
| May 7, 1945 |
Germany surrenders and the war ends in Europe |
| May 8, 1945 |
V-E Day |
| August 6, 1945 |
Atomic bomb on Hiroshima; Nagasaki bombed three days later |
| August 15, 1945 |
Japan surrenders unconditionally; end of World War II |
| November 22, 1945 |
Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal start. The Nuremberg Trials concluded on October 1, 1946, which happened to be the Day of
Atonement (Yom Kippur), with a judgment in which 12 defendants were sentenced to death, three to life imprisonment, four to various prison terms, and three acquitted
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